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The Science and Technology
of Traditional and Modern
Roofing Systems

by: Dr. H. Laaly

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Expanded Table of Contents

Volume One | Volume Two | Top

Volume Two Chapters 41 to 80 - 1,600 Pages
Chapter Name			Pgs

41	Roof Accessories and Components		p. 33
	Introduction		p. 1
	Prefabricated Roof Accessories		p. 1
		Penetrations	p. 1
	Cant Strips		p. 1
	Cooling Systems - Roof		p. 1
	Access - Roof Ladders		p. 1
	Closures - Edge And Ridge		p. 2
	Coping		p. 1
	Cupolas		p. 1
	Curbs		p. 1
	Drains & Strainers		p. 1
	Drip Edges		p. 1
	Equipment Stands, Mounting (HVAC)		p. 1
		Curb Criteria for Roof Mounted Equipment	p. 1
		Stand Mounting Criteria	p. 1
		Unit Installation	p. 1
	Expansion Joints		p. 1
	Fans - Exhaust And Smoke Extract		p. 1
	Fascia		p. 1
	Flashings		p. 1
	Gravel Stops		p. 1
	Gutters & Down Spouts		p. 1
	Guy Wire Supports - Fall Arrest Safety Roof Anchors		p. 2
	Hatches & Scuttles		p. 1
	Lightning Protection Systems		p. 4
	Pavers		p. 1
	Pipe Supports		p. 1
	Pitch Pockets		p. 2
	Scuppers		p. 1
	Skylights		p. 1
	Valleys		p. 1
	Vents		p. 1
	Walkways & Traffic/Protection Boards		p. 1
	Accessory Manufacturers and Suppliers		p. 9
	References And Further Reading		p. 1

42	Awnings		p. 6
	Introduction		p. 1
	Materials		p. 1
	Protectiive Functions		p. 1
	Codes		p. 1
	Application		p. 2
	Characteristics		p. 1
	Advantages		p. 1
	References And Further Reading		p. 1
	Awning Manufacturers and Suppliers		p. 1

43	Roof Drainage Systems		p. 19
	Introduction		p. 1
		Why drain the roof?	p. 2
	Roof Drains		p. 1
		Composition	p. 1
	Installation Guidelines		p. 1
		Sizing and Location of Drains	p. 1
		Hydrostatic Pressure	p. 1
		Further Considerations	p. 3
	Design		p. 1
		Allowing for Deflection	p. 2
	Drain Codes		p. 1
	Drain Guards		p. 1
	Splash Blocks		p. 1
	Dry Wells		p. 6
	References And Further Reading		p. 1

44	Expansion Joints and Building Movement		p. 19
	Introduction		p. 1
		Stress-Strain Loading	p. 4
	Expansion Joints		p. 1
	Joints In Conventional And Modern Roofing Systems		p. 1
		Membrane Control Joints	p. 1
		Unbonded Membrane	p. 1
		Roof Expansion Joint	p. 1
		Roof Dividers	p. 1
	Recent Studies On Expansion Joints - An Overview		p. 2
	Application Of Expansion Joints		p. 1
	Expansion Joint Cover Assemblies		p. 4
	References And Further Reading		p. 2

45	Flashings and Counterflashings		p. 21
	Introduction		p. 1
	Types Of Flashing		p. 1
		Base Flashing	p. 1
		Chimney Flashing	p. 1
		Conical-Style Flashing	p. 1
		Coping or Cap Flashing	p. 1
		Counterflashing	p. 1
		Eaves Flashing	p. 1
		Fascia Flashing	p. 1
		Gable Rake Flashing	p. 1
		Gravel Stops	p. 1
		Step Flashing or Shingle Flashing	p. 1
		Through-Wall Flashing	p. 1
		Valley Flashing	p. 1
		Sheet Metal for Flashings	p. 1
	General Considerations		p. 2
		Perimeter Flashing and Scuppers	p. 2
		Penetration, Projection and Equipment Stand Flashing	p. 2
		Expansion Joints	p. 1
	Flashing The Built-Up And Modified Bitumen Roofing Systems		p. 1
		BUR Base Flashings	p. 1
		Compatibility	p. 1
		Expansion Joints for BUR Systems	p. 1
	Flashing The Single-Ply Membrane System		p. 1
		Single-Ply Membrane Base Flashing	p. 1
		Single-Ply Copings	p. 1
	Flashing The Sheet Metal And Standing Seam Roofing Systems		p. 1
	Summary/Conclusions		p. 2
	Manufacturer's Binders		p. 1
	References And Further Reading		p. 2

46	Skylights and Roof Windows		p. 38
	Introduction		p. 1
		A Few Disadvantages	p. 1
		Energy Efficiency	p. 1
		Statistics	p. 1
	Composition		p. 1
		Basic Mounting Types	p. 2
		Basic Glazing Types	p. 1
		Basic Functional Types	p. 1
		Appearance	p. 1
		Shading	p. 2
	Framing (Or Curb) Materials		p. 1
	Installation		p. 1
		Flashings	p. 1
		Galvanic Action	p. 1
		Fasteners	p. 1
		Engineering	p. 1
		Expansion joints	p. 2
		Gutters	p. 1
		Sealants	p. 1
		Light Wells	p. 4
		Noise Reduction	p. 1
		Pre-Installation Testing and Warranties	p. 1
		Certification	p. 7
		Standards	p. 1
		Lead Times	p. 1
	Installing A Skylight In Residential Structures		p. 3
		Cutting the Roof Opening	p. 8
	Specialized Products		p. 1
	Skylight Manufacturers And Suppliers		p. 1
	References And Further Reading		p. 3

47	Roof Vents		p. 16
	Introduction		p. 1
	Vent Types		p. 1
		Net Free Area	p. 1
		Blister Vents - Compact roofs	p. 2
		Breather or Stack Vents - Compact roofs	p. 1
		Eave or Soffit Vents - Framed roofs	p. 1
		Gable-End Vents - Framed roofs	p. 1
		Insulated Vents - Compact roofs	p. 1
		One-Way Vents	p. 1
		Passive or Static Vents	p. 1
		Powered Vents	p. 1
		Ridge Vents - Framed roofs	p. 1
		Roof Vents - Framed roofs	p. 1
		Safety Vents - Compact roofs	p. 1
		Solar Vents - Framed and compact roofs	p. 1
		Two-Way Vents	p. 1
		Verge or Rake Vents - Framed roof	p. 1
		Wicks Used for Drying Out Insulation	p. 1
	Vent Flashing		p. 3
	Explosion Relief Vents		p. 1
	References And Further Reading		p. 2

48	Aggregates, Granules and Protective Layers		p. 34
	Introduction		p. 1
	Gravel		p. 4
		Gravel for Built-Up Roofing Surfacing	p. 1
		Gravel for Ballast in Loosely-Laid Single Ply	p. 1
		Gravel Application	p. 1
	Mineral Granules For Roll Roofing, Asphalt Shingles And Cold-Applied Liquid Membranes And Coatings		p. 1
		The History of Roofing Granules	p. 3
		Elimination of Segregation in Roofing Granules	p. 1
		Granule Surfacing Weight-In the Production of Asphalt Roofing Shingles	p. 1
		Embedding of Surface Granules	p. 1
		Particle Size	p. 2
	Pavers		p. 1
		Ease of Maintenance	p. 1
		Weight Divisions	p. 1
		Paver Application	p. 1
		Paver Application Safety and Other Considerations	p. 2
	Walkways		p. 3
		Walkway Pad Application	p. 1
		Raised Metal Walkway Application	p. 1
	Studies On Protective Layers In Roofing - An Overview		p. 3
	Manufacturers/Suppliers Of Aggregate Granules And Gravels		p. 1
	Manufacturers/Suppliers Of Walkway Pads, Protection Boards, And Elevated Walkway Systems		p. 1
	Manufacturers/Suppliers Of Ballast Pavers		p. 1
	References And Further Reading		p. 1
		Aggregates	p. 1
		Pavers	p. 1
		Walkways	p. 1

49	Moisture and Roofing		p. 25
	Introduction		p. 1
		What is Condensation?	p. 1
	Sources Of Moisture		p. 3
		"Breathable" Single-Ply Membranes	p. 1
		Precipitation	p. 1
	Movement Of Moisture		p. 1
		Vapor Transmission, Diffusion and Pressure	p. 2
		Loft Conversion	p. 1
		Capillary Action	p. 1
	Effects Of Moisture		p. 1
		Moisture and Temperature	p. 1
		Moisture's Effect on Insulation	p. 2
		Moisture and Thermal Resistance	p. 2
		Moisture's Effect on Roofing Membranes	p. 3
	Control Of Moisture		p. 1
		Vapor Retarders	p. 1
		Removal of Moisture	p. 3
	References And Further Reading		p. 6

50	Moisture Measurement in the Field		p. 16
	Introduction		p. 1
		Moisture Measurement Techniques	p. 1
		Moisture Surveys	p. 1
	Measurement Of Moisture		p. 1
		Non-Destructive Moisture Measurement Techniques	p. 1
		Destructive Moisture Measurement Techniques	p. 1
	Principles Of Roof Moisture Survey Devices		p. 6
		New Field Moisture Detector for EPDM Roofs	p. 1
		Aerial Thermography	p. 1
		Capacitance Roof Monitoring Systems	p. 1
		Further Information on Nuclear Meters	p. 1
		Note	p. 1
	Moisture Detection Equipment Manufacturers and Suppliers		p. 1
	Moisture Measuring Equipment Manufacturers and Suppliers		p. 1
	Moisture Measurement Inspection Services		p. 1
	References And Further Reading		p. 3

51	Moisture Measurement in the Laboratory		p. 18
	Introduction		p. 1
	Moisture Forms		p. 1
	Moisture And Its Effects On Materials		p. 1
	Qualitative Testing Methods		p. 2
	Quantitative Testing		p. 2
	Quantitative Measurement Methods		p. 1
	Infrared Measurement		p. 1
	Suction Measurement		p. 3
	Measuring Moisture In Wood		p. 2
	Gravitimetric Measurement		p. 1
	Fischer Titration		p. 1
	Calcium Carbide Pressure		p. 2
	Laboratory Equipoment Manufacturers And Suppliers		p. 1
	References And Further Reading		p. 1

52	Ice & Snow Effects on Roofing		p. 46
	Introduction		p. 1
		Deposition of Snow	p. 1
		Problems of Measuring and Evaluating Snow Cover	p. 1
		Snow Cover	p. 1
		Convective Snowfall	p. 1
		Snow Transport	p. 1
		Snow Density	p. 1
	Snow Load Considerations On Roofs		p. 3
		Ground snow load	p. 1
		Roof snow load	p. 1
		Full and partial loading	p. 1
		Snow load coefficients	p. 1
		Roofs exposed to wind	p. 1
		Rain loads	p. 1
		Basic Snow Load Coefficients and Modifications to the Coefficients	p. 4
	Sliding Snow On Sloping Roofs		p. 1
		The Mechanics of Sliding Snow	p. 1
		Obstructions to Sliding Snow and Design Considerations	p. 1
		Hazardous Area Below Sloping Roofs	p. 1
		Lateral Forces on Snow Fences and Other Obstructions	p. 1
		Problems due to Ice and Meltwater from Retained Snow	p. 1
		Snowloading and Design	p. 1
	Properties Of Ice		p. 1
		Ice Dams on Sloping Roofs of Residential Structures	p. 1
		The "Cold Roof"	p. 2
		"Cold Roof" or "Uniform Roof?"	p. 1
	Effect Of Freezing And Thawing (Freeze/Thaw Cycles) Of Ice On Roofing Membranes		p. 1
		Design for Frost Durability	p. 1
		Membrane splitting	p. 2
	Recent Studies On Ice And Freeze/Thaw Cycling - An Overview		p. 1
		Ice Lens Formation	p. 2
		Freezing/Thaw Cycle Effects on Roofing	p. 4
	Temperature Of Bituminous Roofing Membrane And Its Relation To Ambient Conditions		p. 10
	References And Further Reading		p. 7

53	Fire and Roofs		p. 45
	Introduction		p. 1
	Fire Terminology		p. 1
	Chemistry		p. 3
	Smoke Evolution		p. 2
	Fire Considerations In Roof Design		p. 1
	Computers In Fire Science		p. 1
	Fire Codes, Standards And Testing		p. 1
		Roofs and Fire	p. 3
	Combustible And Non-Combustible Roof Decks		p. 1
	Fire Ratings And Built-Up Roofing (Bur)		p. 2
	Fire Ratings And Single Plies		p. 1
		Fire from without (exterior)	p. 1
		Underwriters Laboratories, Inc.-UL 790, ASTM E-108	p. 2
		Intermittent-flame test	p. 1
		Burning brand test	p. 1
		Spread of flame test	p. 2
		Factory Mutual Research and Engineering	p. 1
		The Calorimeter Test	p. 1
		GM Fire in Livonia, Michigan - 1953	p. 2
		Warnock Hersey Labs	p. 1
	Conducted Fire Tests And Other Relevant Information		p. 7
	International Fire Rating Standards		p. 1
		British Standard BS 476 - Fire Tests on Building Materials and Structures:	p. 1
		Fire Note No. 4, London, HMSO 1970	p. 1
		Deutche Industrie Normen (DIN) - (German Industrial Standard)	p. 1
	Fire Retardant Treated (Frt) Products		p. 1
		Corrosion	p. 1
		Structural deterioration	p. 2
		Inspection	p. 1
	Fire Retardant And Fire Resistant Products		p. 3
	References And Further Reading		p. 6

54	Wind Effects on Roofing		p. 49
	Introduction		p. 1
		Effect of Wind on Roofs	p. 2
	Wind Load		p. 2
		BUR Application	p. 1
		Securing Roof Components	p. 4
		Test Apparatus	p. 1
		Field Observations	p. 4
		Insufficient Data	p. 1
	Hurricanes And Tornadoes		p. 1
		Hurricanes	p. 4
		Tornadoes	p. 1
		Ballasted Systems	p. 2
		Mechanically Fastened Systems	p. 5
		Asphalt Shingles	p. 6
		Performance of Roofing Systems in Hurricane Hugo	p. 1
	Factory Mutual Bulletins And Approval Guides		p. 1
	Wind Uplift Field Testing Services		p. 1
	Buildings Designed For Wind Extremes		p. 1
	Roofing Systems Designed To Exploit Wind'S Effects		p. 1
	Workshops		p. 2
	Computerized Satellite Weather Service		p. 5
	References And Further Reading		p. 6

55	Test Methods for Evaluating Roofing Materials		p. 33
	Introduction		p. 2
	Performance Criteria For Roofing Materials		p. 6
	Individual Roofing Material Tests		p. 1
		Accelerated Heat Aging - Xenon-arc and Fluorescent UV-Condensation	p. 1
		Accelerated Lap Joint Performance Test for Modified Bitumen	p. 1
		Cone Penetration	p. 1
		Puncture Tests	p. 1
		Thermal Analysis	p. 1
		Thermo Mechanical Analysis	p. 1
		Differential Scanning Calorimetry	p. 1
		Low Temperature Flexibility	p. 1
		Granule Embedment	p. 1
		Hydrostatic Pressure Resistance	p. 2
		Load Twist Test	p. 1
		Wheel Barrow Test	p. 1
		Wind Uplift Testing	p. 1
		Heat Stability Test	p. 1
		Cold Room Testing	p. 2
		Toughness/Tenacity Test	p. 4
		Corrosion Test	p. 1
	Quality Control Testing		p. 1
		Relevance of Laboratory Test Methods to Actual Field Performance	p. 1
	Laboratory Equipment And Instrumentation		p. 1
	Laboratory Certification And Accreditation		p. 1
	Conclusion		p. 2
	References And Further Reading		p. 4

56	Testing Laboratories and Equipment		p. 47
	Introduction		p. 1
	Testing Laboratories		p. 1
		Management and Guidelines	p. 1
		Accreditation Agencies	p. 1
		Waste Disposal	p. 1
	Selected List Of Testing Laboratories		p. 5
	Testing Equipment		p. 1
		Chemical Analysis	p. 1
	Infrared Spectroscopy		p. 1
		Scope of Method	p. 1
		Principle of Method	p. 1
		Available Instrumentation	p. 1
		Fields of Application	p. 1
		Qualitative Use	p. 1
		Quantitative Use	p. 2
	Ultraviolet Spectroscopy		p. 1
		Scope of Method	p. 1
		Principle of Method	p. 1
		Available Instrumentation	p. 1
		Fields of Application	p. 1
		Qualitative Use	p. 1
		Quantitative Use	p. 1
	Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry		p. 1
		Scope of Method	p. 1
		Principle of Method	p. 1
		Available Instrumentation	p. 1
		Fields of Application	p. 1
		Qualitative Use	p. 1
		Quantitative Use	p. 1
	Mass Spectrometry		p. 1
		Scope of Method	p. 1
		Principle of Method	p. 1
		Available Instrumentation	p. 1
		Field of Application	p. 1
		Qualitative Uses	p. 1
	Quantitative Use		p. 1
	X-Ray Fluorescence Spectrometry		p. 1
		Scope of Method	p. 1
		Principle of Method	p. 1
		Available Instrumentation	p. 1
		Fields of Application	p. 1
		Qualitative Use	p. 1
		Quantitative Use	p. 1
	X-Ray Diffraction		p. 1
		Scope of Method	p. 1
		Principle of Method	p. 1
		Available Instrumentation	p. 1
		Fields of Application	p. 1
		Qualitative Use	p. 1
	Gas Chromatography		p. 1
		Scope of Method	p. 1
		Principle of Method	p. 1
		Available Instrumentation	p. 1
		Fields of Application	p. 1
		Qualitative Use	p. 1
		Quantitative Use	p. 1
	Gel Permeation Chromatography		p. 1
		Scope of Method	p. 1
		Principle of Method	p. 1
		Available Instrumentation	p. 1
		Fields of Application	p. 1
		Qualitative Use	p. 1
		Quantitative Use	p. 1
	Electron Microscopy		p. 1
		Scope of Method	p. 1
		Principle of Method	p. 1
		Available Instrumentation	p. 1
		Fields of Application	p. 1
		Qualitative Use	p. 1
		Quantitative Use	p. 1
	Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectrometer		p. 6
	Accelerated Weathering Apparatus		p. 1
	Quality Control And Testing During Membrane Manufacture		p. 6
	Conclusion		p. 1
	References And Further Reading		p. 2

57	International Standards for Roofing Materials		p. 35
	Introduction		p. 1
	Making Good Standards Better		p. 1
	International Standards For Single-Ply And Modified Bitumen		p. 5
	Canadian Government Standards Board (Cgsb)		p. 2
		Canadian Standards Association (CSA)	p. 1
	ENGLAND (British Standard - BS)		p. 1
	GERMANY (Deutche Industrie Normen - DIN)		p. 1
	SWITERLAND Swiss Society of Engineers and Architects (SIA)		p. 1
	American National Standards For Safety And Health		p. 3
	American Society For Testing And Materials (Astm)		p. 1
	International Roofing Code Of Practice		p. 1
	The Users Of International Standards: Ifan		p. 1
	The History Of Ifan		p. 2
	A Selection Of National Material Standards		p. 4
	Where To Find Standards Publications		p. 1
	Vendors That Sell Standards		p. 1
	Resources For Topical Standards		p. 1
	Online Indexes		p. 1
	Multinational Databases		p. 1
	International Sources For Astm Standards		p. 1
	Conclusion		p. 1
	References And Further Reading		p. 6

58	Performance and Durability		p. 35
	Introduction		p. 1
	Roof Fundamentals		p. 2
		Function of a Roof	p. 1
		Requirements of a Roof	p. 1
		Structure	p. 1
		Aesthetics	p. 1
		Economy	p. 1
		Durability	p. 1
		Environment	p. 1
	Separation Of Environments		p. 1
		Exterior Exposure	p. 1
		Rain Penetration	p. 1
		Workmanship	p. 1
		A Systemic Approach to Performance	p. 1
		A Realistic Performance for the Roofing Industry	p. 1
		Current Problems	p. 1
	Flat Roof Design		p. 1
	Flat Roof Performance Criteria		p. 1
		Strength and Stability	p. 1
		Weather & Rain	p. 1
		Snow	p. 1
		Wind	p. 1
		Sun	p. 1
		Thermal Performance	p. 1
		Thermal Insulation: The Affect on Performance	p. 1
		Acoustic Performance	p. 1
		Airborne Sound	p. 1
		Impact Sound	p. 1
		Fire Resistance	p. 1
		Maintenance, Access & Safety	p. 1
	Roof Slope: The Key To Successful Roof Performance		p. 1
		Why Slope?	p. 1
		Conclusion: Ponding is Associated with Most Premature Flat Roof Failures	p. 1
	Cost Of Flat Roofs: Zero V.S. Two Percent Slope		p. 1
		Building One	p. 1
		Building Two	p. 1
		Conclusion Concerning Cost	p. 1
		Summary	p. 1
	Section II: Performance Of Materials		p. 1
	Built-Up Roofing (Bur)		p. 1
		Performance Specifications v.s. Prescriptive Specifications	p. 1
		The Performance Approach	p. 1
		20 Performance Attributes	p. 2
		BUR Recommended Performance Criteria	p. 3
		Conclusion	p. 1
	Single-Ply Roofing Membranes		p. 1
		General Performance Requirements	p. 1
		Specific Requirements	p. 1
		General Material Requirements	p. 1
		Thickness	p. 1
		Membrane Classification	p. 1
		Low Elongation/High Strength	p. 1
		Medium Elongation/Low to High Strength	p. 1
		High Elongation/Low to Medium Strength	p. 1
		Specific Requirements	p. 1
		Low-Temperature Load-Elongation Behavior	p. 1
		Low Elongation/High Strength	p. 1
		Medium Elongation/Low to High Strength	p. 1
		High Elongation/Low to Medium Strength	p. 1
		Low Temperature Flexibility	p. 1
		Heat Aging	p. 1
		Temperature-Induced Load	p. 1
		Dimensional Stability	p. 1
		Water Resistance	p. 1
		Granule Embedment	p. 1
		Metal Foil	p. 1
		General Application Requirements	p. 1
		Specific Requirements	p. 1
		Lap Joints	p. 1
		Impact and Abrasion	p. 1
		Flashing Attachment	p. 1
		Ballast	p. 1
		Attachment	p. 1
		Chemical Contamination	p. 1
		Installation Environment	p. 1
		Field Performance	p. 1
	F.I.T.: A Method Of Determining Performance Levels		p. 1
		Fatigue	p. 1
		Indentation	p. 1
		Temperature	p. 1
		How F.I.T. Works	p. 1
	Edpm: A 17 Year History		p. 1
		Background Data	p. 1
		Important Physical Properties Do Change Upon Exposure	p. 1
		ASTM and ME-20 Requirements	p. 1
		The Long-Term Weatherability of EPDM	p. 1
		50 years of Exposure for EPDM (MRCA ME-20 Performance	p. 1
	Performance And Durability: Who Says New = Better?		p. 2
	Concluding Remarks		p. 1
	References And Further Reading		p. 1

59	Service Life Prediction of Roofing Membranes		p. 27
	Introduction		p. 3
	Service Life Prediction Using The Siplasteur Slide Rule		p. 1
	Background Information		p. 5
	Interfacial Bond Or Adhesive Force		p. 1
	Movement Of The Supporting Surface		p. 1
	The Value Of Friction Force Or Adhesion		p. 1
	The Membrane Value - Am		p. 1
	Ridging And Creeping Phenomena		p. 4
	The Circular Slide Rule And Developed Graphs		p. 1
	Slide Rule Operating Instructions For Flat Roof Deck (T.A.P.)		p. 3
		Roofing Membrane System Configurations and their Assigned AM Values	p. 5
	Recent Studies On Durability - An Overview		p. 1
		Design	p. 1
		The Quality of Materials and Construction	p. 1
		Environmental Factors	p. 1
		Periodic Inspection and Maintenance	p. 2
	References And Further Reading		p. 1

60	Inspection of Roofs		p. 35
	Introduction		p. 1
	Inspection Purposes		p. 1
	When To Inspect		p. 1
		Before, During and After Construction	p. 1
		As Routine Maintenance	p. 1
		Damage Assessment	p. 1
	Property Assessment And Legal Disputes		p. 1
	Roofing Inspectors		p. 3
		Inspection Contracts	p. 1
	Inspection Equipment		p. 2
	Inspection Records		p. 5
	Overall Inspection Guidelines		p. 1
		Inspection Do's	p. 1
		Inspection Don'ts	p. 1
	Inspection Sequence		p. 1
	Inspections Upon New Construction		p. 2
	Interior Of The Building, New And Existing Roofs		p. 2
	Inspecting The Roof		p. 1
	Flashings		p. 1
	Drains And Gutters		p. 1
	Edge Details		p. 1
	Expansion Joints		p. 1
	Penetrations		p. 1
	Surfacing		p. 1
	Substrate And Roof Deck		p. 1
	Leak Tracing		p. 2
	Summary Of Inspection		p. 1
	Summary		p. 1
	References And Further Reading		p. 2

61	Roofing Problems and Solutions		p. 17
	Introduction		p. 14
	References And Further Reading		p. 2

62	Preventive Maintenance and Roof Repair		p. 60
	Introduction		p. 1
		Manufacturers' Warranties:	p. 1
		Maintenance From The Contractor's Viewpoint:	p. 1
		Maintenance for Commercial Building Roofs:	p. 1
		General Roof Maintenance:	p. 1
		Asphalt and Roll Roofing:	p. 1
		Split Wood Shakes:	p. 1
		Sawn Wood Shingles:	p. 1
		Clay Tile and Slate:	p. 1
		Concrete Tile:	p. 1
		Steel and Aluminum (Flat and Corrugated):	p. 1
		Inspection and Maintenance of Flat (Low Slope) Roofs:	p. 2
	Repair Of Flat Or Low Slope Roofs:		p. 3
		Built-Up Roofing Repairs:	p. 1
		Splits:	p. 1
		Blisters:	p. 1
		Ridging:	p. 1
		Punctures:	p. 1
		Single-Ply System Repairs:	p. 1
	Identifying The Roofing System Type:		p. 2
		Repair Procedures for Modified Bitumen Membranes:	p. 2
		Repair Procedures for Thermoplastic Membranes:	p. 2
		PIB (Polyisobutylene) Repairs:	p. 3
		Repair Procedures for Vulcanized (Cured) Elastomeric Membranes:	p. 2
		Repair Procedures for Non-Vulcanized (Uncured) Neoprene:	p. 1
		Repair Procedures for Non-Vulcanized (Uncured) CSPE:	p. 3
		CPE (Chlorinated Polyethylene):	p. 1
		Materials and Tools for Permanent Single-Ply Repairs:	p. 1
		Repair Procedures for PUF (Polyurethane Foam) Roofs:	p. 1
		Procedures for Repair of Roll Roofing:	p. 1
	Repair Of Sloped Roofs:		p. 1
		Repair Procedures for Asphalt Shingles:	p. 1
		Repair Hip Joint Shingles:	p. 1
		Repair Procedures for Slate and Clay Tiles:	p. 1
		Repair Procedures for Wood Shake (Cedar):	p. 1
		Covering Asphalt Shingle, Roll-Roofing, and Tar and Gravel Roofs with Wood Shake (Cedar)	p. 1
		Repair Procedures for PUF (Sprayed Polyurethane Foam):	p. 2
		Tools Needed for Repair of PUF Roofs:	p. 1
		Repair Procedures for Metallic Roofs:	p. 1
		Repair Procedures for Thatched Roofs:	p. 1
		Single-Ply Roofs:	p. 1
		Repair Procedures for Historical, Special, Unique and Exotic Roofs:	p. 18
	References And Further Reading		p. 3

63	Reroofing Guidelines		p. 52
	Introduction		p. 1
		Reroofing is Conceptual	p. 1
		Inspection first	p. 2
		Moisture surveys	p. 1
		Reroof or Repair?	p. 1
		Design Improvements	p. 1
		Structural Load Requirements and Responsibility	p. 4
	Adding A Positive Slope To Flat Roofs		p. 1
		Recovery, or Tear-off and Replacement?	p. 2
	Reroofing Planning And Preparation Guidelines		p. 1
		Surface Preparation	p. 1
		Drainage System Considerations	p. 1
		Flashings	p. 1
		Nailers, Pitch Pockets and Transitions	p. 1
		Rooftop equipment	p. 1
		Asbestos Roofing Tearoff Alternatives	p. 1
		Vapor Retarders	p. 1
		Recover Boards, Separator Boards, Protection Boards and Overlayments	p. 2
		Increasing Thermal Resistance	p. 1
		Skylights	p. 1
		Flues, Chimneys and Exhaust Pipes	p. 1
	Reroofing Code Requirements		p. 3
	Roofing System Selection		p. 1
		Acrylic Copolymer Cold-Applied Reinforced Membranes over Existing BUR	p. 2
		Metal Roofing over existing BUR	p. 1
		Attractive Metal Panels	p. 1
		PUF Over Existing Roof Coverings	p. 7
		Single Plies over BUR	p. 1
	Residential Reroofing		p. 1
		Reroofing with Asphalt Shingles	p. 1
		Asphalt Shingles over Existing Wood Shake	p. 1
		Asphalt Shingles over Rigid Insulation	p. 1
		Clay Tile Reroofing Considerations	p. 2
		Reroofing with Wood Shakes and Shingles	p. 1
	Post-Job Inspection		p. 1
	Inform The Owner Of His Responsibility		p. 1
	Inform Building Personnel To Be Conscientious		p. 1
	Recent Studies On Reroofing - An Overview		p. 6
		Remarks	p. 2
	References And Further Reading		p. 6

64	Advice to Building and Home Owners		p. 30
	Introduction		p. 1
	Pre-Planning		p. 1
		Understanding "The Performance Concept"	p. 1
	Terms You Should Know		p. 1
		A Few Words About Drawings	p. 1
		A Few Words About Building Codes	p. 1
		A Guide to Selecting Your Roofing Contractor	p. 4
	The Contract!		p. 1
		Items to be Covered in the Contract -- An Owner's Check List	p. 3
		Before You Sign the Contract	p. 1
	The Owner As Contractor		p. 1
	Understanding Warranties		p. 1
		Hidden Costs and Charges	p. 1
		The Key Questions	p. 1
		A Meeting of the Minds	p. 1
		Avoiding the Voiding of Warranties	p. 1
	Roof Management Program For Owners		p. 2
	Making Emergency Repairs		p. 1
		Leak Repair Procedures	p. 1
		Miscellaneous Advice to Building and Home Owners	p. 1
		Understanding Service Agreements	p. 1
		Membrane Identification	p. 1
		Rooftop Access	p. 1
		Roof System Access	p. 1
		Do Owners Need a Consultant?	p. 3
	Conclusion		p. 1
	References And Further Reading		p. 6

65	Roofing System Selection Criteria		p. 47
	Introduction		p. 1
	100 Questions To Ask When Selecting A Roofing System		p. 13
	Overviews Of The Decision-Making Process		p. 6
	The Process Of Membrane Selection		p. 1
	Roofing System Selection Criteria For Single-Ply Membranes		p. 17
	Review Of Literature		p. 2
	References And Further Reading		p. 6

66	Roofing Application and Workmanship		p. 17
	INTRODUCTION: What is Missing From this Picture?		p. 1
	Workmanship		p. 1
	Education		p. 1
	Course Subjects		p. 1
	Ensuring Participation		p. 1
	Types Of Coursework		p. 1
	Conclusion		p. 1
	Technology, Communication And Education		p. 2
	Site Supervision		p. 1
	Putting Safety First		p. 1
	Quality Control: Lessons From The Far East		p. 1
		QC in the U.S.A.	p. 1
		The Way it Can Be	p. 1
	Nothing Replaces Pride Of Workmanship		p. 7
	References And Further Reading		p. 1

67	Management, Personnel and Productivity		p. 32
	Introduction		p. 1
	Management Seminars		p. 1
	Management Tools		p. 1
		Listening	p. 1
		The Telephone	p. 1
		Posters and Publications	p. 1
		Computer Technology	p. 1
	Marketing Techniques		p. 1
		New Roofing Versus Reroofing	p. 1
		Developing a Plan	p. 1
		Developing a Sales Program	p. 1
	Pre-Job Conferences		p. 4
	Risk Management		p. 1
		Operate as a corporation	p. 1
		Case in point	p. 1
	Medical Insurance		p. 1
	Success-More Than Projects Or Products-People		p. 1
	Hiring Good People		p. 1
		Creating Job Descriptions	p. 1
		The Interview	p. 1
		The Turn Down	p. 1
		References	p. 1
	In The Public Eye-Employees On The Job		p. 1
		An Example of a Poor Source of Information	p. 1
		The Wasted Coffee Break	p. 1
	Roofing Advertisements		p. 7
	Roofing Anecdotes		p. 1
	References And Further Reading		p. 7

68	Computers in Construction and Roofing		p. 50
	Introduction		p. 1
		Why Computerize?	p. 1
	Word Processing		p. 1
	"Open" And "Closed" Software Systems		p. 1
	"Turnkeys" Or "Menu-Driven" Systems		p. 1
	Multi-Tasking/Multi-User Capabilities		p. 1
	Index Files And Database Management Systems (DMSS)		p. 1
	Selecting Software		p. 2
		10 Tough Questions	p. 3
	Electronic Estimation Tools - Spending Time To Save Time		p. 1
	Parallel Processing During Software Installation		p. 2
	Construction Software Study		p. 3
	Flowcharting		p. 1
	CD-ROM (Compact Disk-Read Only Memory)		p. 1
	Data Organization Within The Computer		p. 1
	Information Services		p. 1
	NRCA Members Talk About Computer Pros And Cons		p. 1
		Good and Bad Software	p. 1
		Thoughts About Estimating	p. 1
		Other Comments	p. 1
	Marketing And Forecasting Software		p. 1
		Company Developed Marketing Software	p. 2
	Personal Computer (PC) Computer Aided Design (CAD)		p. 1
		Database Geometry	p. 2
	Application Software And Third-Party Software Integration		p. 1
	Scanning And CD-ROM		p. 1
	Storing Graphics - Either Bit-Mapping Or Vectoring		p. 1
	Upgrading Existing Computer Software		p. 2
	The Future Of Computers In Construction		p. 1
		Industry-wide Integrity	p. 1
		Investigation and Development	p. 1
		Market Research	p. 1
		Product Testing	p. 1
		Database Development	p. 1
	Managing Computer Technology		p. 1
		Changes in Architectural Design Team Project Management	p. 2
	Features Of Some Of The Available Roofing Software		p. 8
	Computerized Roof Maintenance		p. 1
	Computerized Roofing Specifications		p. 2
	References And Further Reading		p. 4

69	Safety in Roofing		p. 74
	Introduction		p. 1
		Establishing a safety program	p. 1
		What are the basics of a safety program?	p. 2
	Personal Safety		p. 1
		Correct posture	p. 1
		Using a hammer safely	p. 1
	Eye Protection		p. 1
	Respiratory Protection		p. 1
	Skin Protection		p. 1
		Protective Clothing	p. 2
		Findings on Sunburn	p. 1
		Skin Cancer	p. 1
		Burn Prevention and Treatment	p. 1
		Lung Cancer	p. 1
	Occupational Safety		p. 1
		General	p. 1
		Slips on the Roof	p. 1
		Falling from the Roof	p. 3
		Do you know how to lift?	p. 2
		Roof Removal or Tear-Off	p. 2
	Equipment Safety		p. 1
		Transporting Equipment	p. 1
		General Equipment Safety	p. 1
		Set-Up and Usage	p. 1
		Asphalt Tanker Safety	p. 1
		Asphalt Kettle Safety	p. 2
		Torch Safety	p. 1
		Power Tool Safety	p. 1
		Powder-Actuated Tool (PAT) Safety	p. 2
		PAT Tool Operation	p. 1
		Ladder Safety	p. 3
		Scaffold Safety	p. 1
		Conveyor Safety	p. 1
		In Case of An Electrical Accident	p. 1
		Hoist Safety	p. 1
		Fork Lift Safety	p. 1
	Safety Equipment		p. 1
		Respirators	p. 1
		Sloped Roof Safety	p. 1
		Lifelines	p. 1
		Guardrails	p. 1
		Modified Bitumen Safety Gear	p. 1
	Safety Devices And Signs		p. 1
		Fall Arresters	p. 1
	Material Safety		p. 1
		Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS)	p. 2
		Coal Tar Pitch	p. 1
		Guidelines for the Use of Coal Tar Bitumen and Asphalt in the Installation of Built-Up Roofing Systems	p. 1
		Single Ply Solvents and Adhesives	p. 1
	Fire Safety		p. 1
	Federal Government Health and Safety Agencies		p. 1
		Epa	p. 1
		Osha	p. 2
		Niosh	p. 1
	Safety Codes And Standards		p. 1
		Labor and Environmental Standards Applicable to Built-Up Roofing	p. 2
	First Aid Measures		p. 1
		Amputation	p. 1
		Bleeding	p. 2
		Burns	p. 1
		Clothing Snagged In Machinery	p. 1
		ASPHALT or COAL TAR PITCH	p. 1
		Falls	p. 1
		Muscle Strains	p. 1
		Shock Treatment	p. 1
		Hazardous Compounds	p. 3
	Recent Studies On Roofing Safety - An Overview		p. 6
	Educational Programs In Safety		p. 1
	References And Further Reading		p. 10

70	Health and Roofing Practice		p. 20
	Introduction		p. 1
	Fitness		p. 1
	Smoking		p. 2
		Misleading Advertizing	p. 1
		Doing Your Part	p. 1
		Facts About Smoking	p. 2
		Smoking Education	p. 1
	Alcohol And Drugs		p. 4
		Compliance and Legality	p. 2
		Drug Testing	p. 1
		Starting a Testing Program	p. 1
		Drug Testing and Controversy	p. 2
	References And Further Reading		p. 3

71	Guarantees, Warranties Economy and Liability		p. 50
	Legal Liability During Roofing Construction		p. 1
	Applicator Agreements		p. 1
	Guarantees		p. 1
		Surety Bonds	p. 2
		What is a 20-Year Bonded Roof?	p. 2
		Mechanic's Liens	p. 2
	Liability And The Roofing Contractor		p. 1
		Subcontracts and Construction Disputes	p. 1
		Proper documentation can save your business	p. 4
		Change orders	p. 1
		Subcontractors are able to make claims against owners	p. 2
		Arbitration versus litigation	p. 2
		Liability Insurance	p. 1
		Property Insurance	p. 1
	Product Liability		p. 5
		FRT Plywood Failure Liability	p. 1
		Manufacturer Warranties	p. 1
	Environmental Liabilities		p. 1
	ECONOMY: PRESENT COST vs LIFE-CYCLE COSTING		p. 5
		Advantages, Limitations & Recommended Applications for Life-Cycle Costing	p. 2
	Other Aspects Of Life Cycle Costing		p. 3
		Cost effectiveness in materials production	p. 2
	References And Further Reading		p. 10

72	Asbestos		p. 39
	Introduction		p. 1
	Abbreviations		p. 1
	Forms And Properties Of Asbestos		p. 1
		Some silicates can crystallize as asbestos fibers	p. 1
	Health Hazards And Effects		p. 3
	Government Regulations And Legislation		p. 1
	Asbestos Education		p. 1
	Abatement Services And Consultation		p. 4
	Asbestos Use In Roofing And Construction		p. 2
	Asbestos In The Home		p. 5
	Institutional Use Of Asbestos		p. 1
	Contractor'S Licensing, Liability, And Insurance		p. 1
	Asbestos Substitutes In Roofing		p. 1
	Asbestos Ply Sheets		p. 1
	Flashing Materials		p. 1
	Coatings And Mastics		p. 1
	Resaturants		p. 1
	Mastic Materials		p. 1
	Coatings		p. 1
	Summary Of Substitutes		p. 1
	Summary And Conclusion		p. 3
	Asbestos In Canada		p. 7
	References And Further Reading		p. 5

73	Roofing Tools and Equipment		p. 92
	Introduction		p. 1
	General Application & Miscellaneous Roofing Equipment		p. 1
		Material Handling - Heavy Equipment	p. 9
		Cranes	p. 1
		Hoists	p. 4
		Small Engines	p. 2
	Hand-Operated Power Tools		p. 1
		Electric Power Tool Maintenance	p. 3
		Gas Power Tool Maintenance	p. 1
	Hand Operated Tools And Equipment - Manual Tools		p. 1
		Ladders	p. 1
		Utility Belts	p. 1
		Ultrasonic measuring tape	p. 1
		Wheel Barrow	p. 1
		Knee and Hip Pads	p. 2
	Built-Up Roofing Equipment		p. 1
		Asphalt melting kettles	p. 3
		Cotton and Fiberglass Mops	p. 2
		Mop Buckets, Bails and Carts	p. 2
		Aggregate Spreaders	p. 2
	Insulation Equipment		p. 1
		Blowing Machines	p. 5
		Insulation Blower Hoses	p. 2
		Insulation Spray Equipment	p. 1
		Rigid Insulation Cutting Machines	p. 1
	Polyurethane Roofing Equipment		p. 4
	Spray Equipment For Cold Applied Liquid Membranes And Coatings		p. 2
		Hoses and Spray Tips	p. 1
		Maintenance	p. 1
		Equipment Selection	p. 1
		Granuling Equipment	p. 1
	Reroofing Equipment		p. 1
	REROOFING EQUIPMENT - Residential Roofing Surface Preparation		p. 1
		Roofing Spudders	p. 2
	REROOFING EQUIPMENT - Commercial Roofing Surface Preparation		p. 1
		Water Removal	p. 2
		Debris Removal	p. 1
		Power sweeper maintenance	p. 2
		Vacuums	p. 2
	Shingles & Shake Roofing Equipment		p. 1
	Single-Ply Roofing Equipment		p. 1
		Welders	p. 6
		SINGLE-PLY - Hand tools	p. 4
		MODIFIED BITUMEN - Torches	p. 1
		MODIFIED BITUMEN - Hand Tools	p. 1
		Self adhering and hot mopped modified bitumen	p. 1
	Slate & Tile Roofing Equipment		p. 1
	Standing Seam, Sheet Metal & Roll Forming Equipment		p. 4
	Roofing Tools and Equipment Manufacturers and Suppliers		p. 11
	References And Further Reading		p. 4

74	Organizations and Establishments Related to Roofing		p. 8

75	Roofing Publications, Training and Education		p. 54
	Introduction		p. 1
	Published Books On Roofing		p. 7
	Periodicals & Trade Magazines Relevant To Roofing		p. 2
	A Roofing Library		p. 17
	Training, Educational Courses And Seminars On Roofing		p. 2
	Courses, Training Seminars And Audiovisuals		p. 1
		P.R.I.D.E. Manual	p. 1
		NRCA Publications	p. 2
		NRCA Audiovisuals	p. 2
		Architectural Design Competitions	p. 1
		The Roofing Industry Educational Institute (RIEI)	p. 3
	Modified Bitumen Application Training (CERTA)		p. 1
	Asbestos Abatement Training Courses		p. 1
	Roofing-Related Training And Educational Opportunities		p. 2
		United Union of Roofers, Waterproofers & Allied Workers	p. 5
	Viewing The Trade Show As An Educational Opportunity		p. 1
	References And Further Reading		p. 6

76	Roofing Statistics and Surveys		p. 7
	Introduction		p. 3
	A 17 Billion Dollar Industry!		p. 3
	References And Further Reading		p. 1

77	U.S. Roofing Statistics		p. 65
	Table of Statistical Data/Findings		p. 2
	Legend for Statistical References		p. 58
	References And Further Reading		p. 4

78	International Roofing Statistics		p. 7
	Table of Statistical Data/Findings		p. 6
	References And Further Reading		p. 1

79	Future Trends in Roofing		p. 47
	Introduction		p. 1
	Section I		p. 1
		Trends in Roof Systems	p. 1
		Recycling	p. 2
		Recycling BUR Membranes	p. 1
		Recycling Asphalt Shingles	p. 1
		Recycling Insulations	p. 1
		Recycling Single-Ply	p. 1
		Recycling and System Selection	p. 1
		Volatile Organic Compounds	p. 1
		Regulations and Disposal Guidelines	p. 1
		Regulatory Issues	p. 1
		Wider Application of Performance Standards	p. 1
		Warranty Trends	p. 1
	Trends In The Work Force		p. 1
		A Demand for Higher Skills	p. 1
		Be Prepared	p. 1
	The Global Market		p. 2
	The European Organization For Testing And Certification		p. 1
		Overcoming Barriers	p. 1
		Construction Products	p. 2
	Section II		p. 1
		Bi-Functional Photovoltaic Single-Ply Membrane	p. 1
		Introduction	p. 1
	Scientific Principles Of Photovoltaic (PV)		p. 1
		Historical Background	p. 5
		Parameters of PV Success	p. 1
		Harnessing the Sun: From Foe to Friend	p. 2
		The Development of Photovoltaic Single-Ply	p. 2
		PV and Single-Ply Materials Compatibility	p. 1
		Application of Single-Ply Photovoltaic Membranes	p. 4
		Design Criteria for Bi-functional PVSP Roof Systems	p. 1
		PVSPM (PV-Single Ply Roofing Membranes) and Durability	p. 1
		Major Advantages of PVSPM	p. 1
		Life-Cycle Cost Advantages of Bi-Functional PVSP	p. 3
	Future Trends		p. 3
	A Glossary Of Photovoltaic Terms		p. 7
	Application of PV Single-Ply Roofing Membranes		p. 1
	Photovoltaics Budget Recommendations		p. 1
	References And Further Reading		p. 2

80	Glossary of Terms and Abbreviations		p. 99
	References And Further Reading		p. 2

The Science and Technology of Traditional and Modern Roofing Systems

by: Dr. H. Laaly

The Science and Technology
of Traditional and Modern
Roofing Systems