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The Science and Technology
of Traditional and Modern
Roofing Systems

by: Dr. H. Laaly

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Expanded Table of Contents

Volume One | Volume Two | Top

Volume Two Chapters 41 to 80 - 1,600 Pages
Chapter Name			Pgs

41	Roof Accessories and Components		p. 33
	Introduction		p. 1
	Prefabricated Roof Accessories		p. 1
		Penetrations	p. 1
	Cant Strips		p. 1
	Cooling Systems - Roof		p. 1
	Access - Roof Ladders		p. 1
	Closures - Edge And Ridge		p. 2
	Coping		p. 1
	Cupolas		p. 1
	Curbs		p. 1
	Drains & Strainers		p. 1
	Drip Edges		p. 1
	Equipment Stands, Mounting (HVAC)		p. 1
		Curb Criteria for Roof Mounted Equipment	p. 1
		Stand Mounting Criteria	p. 1
		Unit Installation	p. 1
	Expansion Joints		p. 1
	Fans - Exhaust And Smoke Extract		p. 1
	Fascia		p. 1
	Flashings		p. 1
	Gravel Stops		p. 1
	Gutters & Down Spouts		p. 1
	Guy Wire Supports - Fall Arrest Safety Roof Anchors		p. 2
	Hatches & Scuttles		p. 1
	Lightning Protection Systems		p. 4
	Pavers		p. 1
	Pipe Supports		p. 1
	Pitch Pockets		p. 2
	Scuppers		p. 1
	Skylights		p. 1
	Valleys		p. 1
	Vents		p. 1
	Walkways & Traffic/Protection Boards		p. 1
	Accessory Manufacturers and Suppliers		p. 9
	References And Further Reading		p. 1

42	Awnings		p. 6
	Introduction		p. 1
	Materials		p. 1
	Protectiive Functions		p. 1
	Codes		p. 1
	Application		p. 2
	Characteristics		p. 1
	Advantages		p. 1
	References And Further Reading		p. 1
	Awning Manufacturers and Suppliers		p. 1

43	Roof Drainage Systems		p. 19
	Introduction		p. 1
		Why drain the roof?	p. 2
	Roof Drains		p. 1
		Composition	p. 1
	Installation Guidelines		p. 1
		Sizing and Location of Drains	p. 1
		Hydrostatic Pressure	p. 1
		Further Considerations	p. 3
	Design		p. 1
		Allowing for Deflection	p. 2
	Drain Codes		p. 1
	Drain Guards		p. 1
	Splash Blocks		p. 1
	Dry Wells		p. 6
	References And Further Reading		p. 1

44	Expansion Joints and Building Movement		p. 19
	Introduction		p. 1
		Stress-Strain Loading	p. 4
	Expansion Joints		p. 1
	Joints In Conventional And Modern Roofing Systems		p. 1
		Membrane Control Joints	p. 1
		Unbonded Membrane	p. 1
		Roof Expansion Joint	p. 1
		Roof Dividers	p. 1
	Recent Studies On Expansion Joints - An Overview		p. 2
	Application Of Expansion Joints		p. 1
	Expansion Joint Cover Assemblies		p. 4
	References And Further Reading		p. 2

45	Flashings and Counterflashings		p. 21
	Introduction		p. 1
	Types Of Flashing		p. 1
		Base Flashing	p. 1
		Chimney Flashing	p. 1
		Conical-Style Flashing	p. 1
		Coping or Cap Flashing	p. 1
		Counterflashing	p. 1
		Eaves Flashing	p. 1
		Fascia Flashing	p. 1
		Gable Rake Flashing	p. 1
		Gravel Stops	p. 1
		Step Flashing or Shingle Flashing	p. 1
		Through-Wall Flashing	p. 1
		Valley Flashing	p. 1
		Sheet Metal for Flashings	p. 1
	General Considerations		p. 2
		Perimeter Flashing and Scuppers	p. 2
		Penetration, Projection and Equipment Stand Flashing	p. 2
		Expansion Joints	p. 1
	Flashing The Built-Up And Modified Bitumen Roofing Systems		p. 1
		BUR Base Flashings	p. 1
		Compatibility	p. 1
		Expansion Joints for BUR Systems	p. 1
	Flashing The Single-Ply Membrane System		p. 1
		Single-Ply Membrane Base Flashing	p. 1
		Single-Ply Copings	p. 1
	Flashing The Sheet Metal And Standing Seam Roofing Systems		p. 1
	Summary/Conclusions		p. 2
	Manufacturer's Binders		p. 1
	References And Further Reading		p. 2

46	Skylights and Roof Windows		p. 38
	Introduction		p. 1
		A Few Disadvantages	p. 1
		Energy Efficiency	p. 1
		Statistics	p. 1
	Composition		p. 1
		Basic Mounting Types	p. 2
		Basic Glazing Types	p. 1
		Basic Functional Types	p. 1
		Appearance	p. 1
		Shading	p. 2
	Framing (Or Curb) Materials		p. 1
	Installation		p. 1
		Flashings	p. 1
		Galvanic Action	p. 1
		Fasteners	p. 1
		Engineering	p. 1
		Expansion joints	p. 2
		Gutters	p. 1
		Sealants	p. 1
		Light Wells	p. 4
		Noise Reduction	p. 1
		Pre-Installation Testing and Warranties	p. 1
		Certification	p. 7
		Standards	p. 1
		Lead Times	p. 1
	Installing A Skylight In Residential Structures		p. 3
		Cutting the Roof Opening	p. 8
	Specialized Products		p. 1
	Skylight Manufacturers And Suppliers		p. 1
	References And Further Reading		p. 3

47	Roof Vents		p. 16
	Introduction		p. 1
	Vent Types		p. 1
		Net Free Area	p. 1
		Blister Vents - Compact roofs	p. 2
		Breather or Stack Vents - Compact roofs	p. 1
		Eave or Soffit Vents - Framed roofs	p. 1
		Gable-End Vents - Framed roofs	p. 1
		Insulated Vents - Compact roofs	p. 1
		One-Way Vents	p. 1
		Passive or Static Vents	p. 1
		Powered Vents	p. 1
		Ridge Vents - Framed roofs	p. 1
		Roof Vents - Framed roofs	p. 1
		Safety Vents - Compact roofs	p. 1
		Solar Vents - Framed and compact roofs	p. 1
		Two-Way Vents	p. 1
		Verge or Rake Vents - Framed roof	p. 1
		Wicks Used for Drying Out Insulation	p. 1
	Vent Flashing		p. 3
	Explosion Relief Vents		p. 1
	References And Further Reading		p. 2

48	Aggregates, Granules and Protective Layers		p. 34
	Introduction		p. 1
	Gravel		p. 4
		Gravel for Built-Up Roofing Surfacing	p. 1
		Gravel for Ballast in Loosely-Laid Single Ply	p. 1
		Gravel Application	p. 1
	Mineral Granules For Roll Roofing, Asphalt Shingles And Cold-Applied Liquid Membranes And Coatings		p. 1
		The History of Roofing Granules	p. 3
		Elimination of Segregation in Roofing Granules	p. 1
		Granule Surfacing Weight-In the Production of Asphalt Roofing Shingles	p. 1
		Embedding of Surface Granules	p. 1
		Particle Size	p. 2
	Pavers		p. 1
		Ease of Maintenance	p. 1
		Weight Divisions	p. 1
		Paver Application	p. 1
		Paver Application Safety and Other Considerations	p. 2
	Walkways		p. 3
		Walkway Pad Application	p. 1
		Raised Metal Walkway Application	p. 1
	Studies On Protective Layers In Roofing - An Overview		p. 3
	Manufacturers/Suppliers Of Aggregate Granules And Gravels		p. 1
	Manufacturers/Suppliers Of Walkway Pads, Protection Boards, And Elevated Walkway Systems		p. 1
	Manufacturers/Suppliers Of Ballast Pavers		p. 1
	References And Further Reading		p. 1
		Aggregates	p. 1
		Pavers	p. 1
		Walkways	p. 1

49	Moisture and Roofing		p. 25
	Introduction		p. 1
		What is Condensation?	p. 1
	Sources Of Moisture		p. 3
		"Breathable" Single-Ply Membranes	p. 1
		Precipitation	p. 1
	Movement Of Moisture		p. 1
		Vapor Transmission, Diffusion and Pressure	p. 2
		Loft Conversion	p. 1
		Capillary Action	p. 1
	Effects Of Moisture		p. 1
		Moisture and Temperature	p. 1
		Moisture's Effect on Insulation	p. 2
		Moisture and Thermal Resistance	p. 2
		Moisture's Effect on Roofing Membranes	p. 3
	Control Of Moisture		p. 1
		Vapor Retarders	p. 1
		Removal of Moisture	p. 3
	References And Further Reading		p. 6

50	Moisture Measurement in the Field		p. 16
	Introduction		p. 1
		Moisture Measurement Techniques	p. 1
		Moisture Surveys	p. 1
	Measurement Of Moisture		p. 1
		Non-Destructive Moisture Measurement Techniques	p. 1
		Destructive Moisture Measurement Techniques	p. 1
	Principles Of Roof Moisture Survey Devices		p. 6
		New Field Moisture Detector for EPDM Roofs	p. 1
		Aerial Thermography	p. 1
		Capacitance Roof Monitoring Systems	p. 1
		Further Information on Nuclear Meters	p. 1
		Note	p. 1
	Moisture Detection Equipment Manufacturers and Suppliers		p. 1
	Moisture Measuring Equipment Manufacturers and Suppliers		p. 1
	Moisture Measurement Inspection Services		p. 1
	References And Further Reading		p. 3

51	Moisture Measurement in the Laboratory		p. 18
	Introduction		p. 1
	Moisture Forms		p. 1
	Moisture And Its Effects On Materials		p. 1
	Qualitative Testing Methods		p. 2
	Quantitative Testing		p. 2
	Quantitative Measurement Methods		p. 1
	Infrared Measurement		p. 1
	Suction Measurement		p. 3
	Measuring Moisture In Wood		p. 2
	Gravitimetric Measurement		p. 1
	Fischer Titration		p. 1
	Calcium Carbide Pressure		p. 2
	Laboratory Equipoment Manufacturers And Suppliers		p. 1
	References And Further Reading		p. 1

52	Ice & Snow Effects on Roofing		p. 46
	Introduction		p. 1
		Deposition of Snow	p. 1
		Problems of Measuring and Evaluating Snow Cover	p. 1
		Snow Cover	p. 1
		Convective Snowfall	p. 1
		Snow Transport	p. 1
		Snow Density	p. 1
	Snow Load Considerations On Roofs		p. 3
		Ground snow load	p. 1
		Roof snow load	p. 1
		Full and partial loading	p. 1
		Snow load coefficients	p. 1
		Roofs exposed to wind	p. 1
		Rain loads	p. 1
		Basic Snow Load Coefficients and Modifications to the Coefficients	p. 4
	Sliding Snow On Sloping Roofs		p. 1
		The Mechanics of Sliding Snow	p. 1
		Obstructions to Sliding Snow and Design Considerations	p. 1
		Hazardous Area Below Sloping Roofs	p. 1
		Lateral Forces on Snow Fences and Other Obstructions	p. 1
		Problems due to Ice and Meltwater from Retained Snow	p. 1
		Snowloading and Design	p. 1
	Properties Of Ice		p. 1
		Ice Dams on Sloping Roofs of Residential Structures	p. 1
		The "Cold Roof"	p. 2
		"Cold Roof" or "Uniform Roof?"	p. 1
	Effect Of Freezing And Thawing (Freeze/Thaw Cycles) Of Ice On Roofing Membranes		p. 1
		Design for Frost Durability	p. 1
		Membrane splitting	p. 2
	Recent Studies On Ice And Freeze/Thaw Cycling - An Overview		p. 1
		Ice Lens Formation	p. 2
		Freezing/Thaw Cycle Effects on Roofing	p. 4
	Temperature Of Bituminous Roofing Membrane And Its Relation To Ambient Conditions		p. 10
	References And Further Reading		p. 7

53	Fire and Roofs		p. 45
	Introduction		p. 1
	Fire Terminology		p. 1
	Chemistry		p. 3
	Smoke Evolution		p. 2
	Fire Considerations In Roof Design		p. 1
	Computers In Fire Science		p. 1
	Fire Codes, Standards And Testing		p. 1
		Roofs and Fire	p. 3
	Combustible And Non-Combustible Roof Decks		p. 1
	Fire Ratings And Built-Up Roofing (Bur)		p. 2
	Fire Ratings And Single Plies		p. 1
		Fire from without (exterior)	p. 1
		Underwriters Laboratories, Inc.-UL 790, ASTM E-108	p. 2
		Intermittent-flame test	p. 1
		Burning brand test	p. 1
		Spread of flame test	p. 2
		Factory Mutual Research and Engineering	p. 1
		The Calorimeter Test	p. 1
		GM Fire in Livonia, Michigan - 1953	p. 2
		Warnock Hersey Labs	p. 1
	Conducted Fire Tests And Other Relevant Information		p. 7
	International Fire Rating Standards		p. 1
		British Standard BS 476 - Fire Tests on Building Materials and Structures:	p. 1
		Fire Note No. 4, London, HMSO 1970	p. 1
		Deutche Industrie Normen (DIN) - (German Industrial Standard)	p. 1
	Fire Retardant Treated (Frt) Products		p. 1
		Corrosion	p. 1
		Structural deterioration	p. 2
		Inspection	p. 1
	Fire Retardant And Fire Resistant Products		p. 3
	References And Further Reading		p. 6

54	Wind Effects on Roofing		p. 49
	Introduction		p. 1
		Effect of Wind on Roofs	p. 2
	Wind Load		p. 2
		BUR Application	p. 1
		Securing Roof Components	p. 4
		Test Apparatus	p. 1
		Field Observations	p. 4
		Insufficient Data	p. 1
	Hurricanes And Tornadoes		p. 1
		Hurricanes	p. 4
		Tornadoes	p. 1
		Ballasted Systems	p. 2
		Mechanically Fastened Systems	p. 5
		Asphalt Shingles	p. 6
		Performance of Roofing Systems in Hurricane Hugo	p. 1
	Factory Mutual Bulletins And Approval Guides		p. 1
	Wind Uplift Field Testing Services		p. 1
	Buildings Designed For Wind Extremes		p. 1
	Roofing Systems Designed To Exploit Wind'S Effects		p. 1
	Workshops		p. 2
	Computerized Satellite Weather Service		p. 5
	References And Further Reading		p. 6

55	Test Methods for Evaluating Roofing Materials		p. 33
	Introduction		p. 2
	Performance Criteria For Roofing Materials		p. 6
	Individual Roofing Material Tests		p. 1
		Accelerated Heat Aging - Xenon-arc and Fluorescent UV-Condensation	p. 1
		Accelerated Lap Joint Performance Test for Modified Bitumen	p. 1
		Cone Penetration	p. 1
		Puncture Tests	p. 1
		Thermal Analysis	p. 1
		Thermo Mechanical Analysis	p. 1
		Differential Scanning Calorimetry	p. 1
		Low Temperature Flexibility	p. 1
		Granule Embedment	p. 1
		Hydrostatic Pressure Resistance	p. 2
		Load Twist Test	p. 1
		Wheel Barrow Test	p. 1
		Wind Uplift Testing	p. 1
		Heat Stability Test	p. 1
		Cold Room Testing	p. 2
		Toughness/Tenacity Test	p. 4
		Corrosion Test	p. 1
	Quality Control Testing		p. 1
		Relevance of Laboratory Test Methods to Actual Field Performance	p. 1
	Laboratory Equipment And Instrumentation		p. 1
	Laboratory Certification And Accreditation		p. 1
	Conclusion		p. 2
	References And Further Reading		p. 4

56	Testing Laboratories and Equipment		p. 47
	Introduction		p. 1
	Testing Laboratories		p. 1
		Management and Guidelines	p. 1
		Accreditation Agencies	p. 1
		Waste Disposal	p. 1
	Selected List Of Testing Laboratories		p. 5
	Testing Equipment		p. 1
		Chemical Analysis	p. 1
	Infrared Spectroscopy		p. 1
		Scope of Method	p. 1
		Principle of Method	p. 1
		Available Instrumentation	p. 1
		Fields of Application	p. 1
		Qualitative Use	p. 1
		Quantitative Use	p. 2
	Ultraviolet Spectroscopy		p. 1
		Scope of Method	p. 1
		Principle of Method	p. 1
		Available Instrumentation	p. 1
		Fields of Application	p. 1
		Qualitative Use	p. 1
		Quantitative Use	p. 1
	Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry		p. 1
		Scope of Method	p. 1
		Principle of Method	p. 1
		Available Instrumentation	p. 1
		Fields of Application	p. 1
		Qualitative Use	p. 1
		Quantitative Use	p. 1
	Mass Spectrometry		p. 1
		Scope of Method	p. 1
		Principle of Method	p. 1
		Available Instrumentation	p. 1
		Field of Application	p. 1
		Qualitative Uses	p. 1
	Quantitative Use		p. 1
	X-Ray Fluorescence Spectrometry		p. 1
		Scope of Method	p. 1
		Principle of Method	p. 1
		Available Instrumentation	p. 1
		Fields of Application	p. 1
		Qualitative Use	p. 1
		Quantitative Use	p. 1
	X-Ray Diffraction		p. 1
		Scope of Method	p. 1
		Principle of Method	p. 1
		Available Instrumentation	p. 1
		Fields of Application	p. 1
		Qualitative Use	p. 1
	Gas Chromatography		p. 1
		Scope of Method	p. 1
		Principle of Method	p. 1
		Available Instrumentation	p. 1
		Fields of Application	p. 1
		Qualitative Use	p. 1
		Quantitative Use	p. 1
	Gel Permeation Chromatography		p. 1
		Scope of Method	p. 1
		Principle of Method	p. 1
		Available Instrumentation	p. 1
		Fields of Application	p. 1
		Qualitative Use	p. 1
		Quantitative Use	p. 1
	Electron Microscopy		p. 1
		Scope of Method	p. 1
		Principle of Method	p. 1
		Available Instrumentation	p. 1
		Fields of Application	p. 1
		Qualitative Use	p. 1
		Quantitative Use	p. 1
	Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectrometer		p. 6
	Accelerated Weathering Apparatus		p. 1
	Quality Control And Testing During Membrane Manufacture		p. 6
	Conclusion		p. 1
	References And Further Reading		p. 2

57	International Standards for Roofing Materials		p. 35
	Introduction		p. 1
	Making Good Standards Better		p. 1
	International Standards For Single-Ply And Modified Bitumen		p. 5
	Canadian Government Standards Board (Cgsb)		p. 2
		Canadian Standards Association (CSA)	p. 1
	ENGLAND (British Standard - BS)		p. 1
	GERMANY (Deutche Industrie Normen - DIN)		p. 1
	SWITERLAND Swiss Society of Engineers and Architects (SIA)		p. 1
	American National Standards For Safety And Health		p. 3
	American Society For Testing And Materials (Astm)		p. 1
	International Roofing Code Of Practice		p. 1
	The Users Of International Standards: Ifan		p. 1
	The History Of Ifan		p. 2
	A Selection Of National Material Standards		p. 4
	Where To Find Standards Publications		p. 1
	Vendors That Sell Standards		p. 1
	Resources For Topical Standards		p. 1
	Online Indexes		p. 1
	Multinational Databases		p. 1
	International Sources For Astm Standards		p. 1
	Conclusion		p. 1
	References And Further Reading		p. 6

58	Performance and Durability		p. 35
	Introduction		p. 1
	Roof Fundamentals		p. 2
		Function of a Roof	p. 1
		Requirements of a Roof	p. 1
		Structure	p. 1
		Aesthetics	p. 1
		Economy	p. 1
		Durability	p. 1
		Environment	p. 1
	Separation Of Environments		p. 1
		Exterior Exposure	p. 1
		Rain Penetration	p. 1
		Workmanship	p. 1
		A Systemic Approach to Performance	p. 1
		A Realistic Performance for the Roofing Industry	p. 1
		Current Problems

The Science and Technology of Traditional and Modern Roofing Systems

by: Dr. H. Laaly

The Science and Technology
of Traditional and Modern
Roofing Systems