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The Science and Technology
of Traditional and Modern
Roofing Systems

by: Dr. H. Laaly

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Expanded Table of Contents

Volume One Chapters 1 to 40 - 1,552 Pages

1	Introduction to Roofing		p. 6

2	Roofing History		p. 16
	Introduction		p. 1
	Roofing Technology - A Selected Chronology		p. 13
	Concluding Remarks		p. 1
	References And Further Reading		p. 1

3	Roofing Material Properties and Production		p. 41
	Introduction		p. 1
	Wood		p. 3
		Wood Preservatives	p. 1
		Wood Properties	p. 1
		Wood Manufacturing	p. 1
	Metal		p. 7
	Cement And Concrete		p. 11
	Plastics		p. 8
	References And Further Reading		p. 6

4	Roofing Structure, Design and Details		p. 71
	Introduction		p. 2
		The Ultimate Rule in Roof Design	p. 2
		Informative Designing	p. 1
	Life-Cycle Costing		p. 1
	Structural Load Design		p. 1
		Elastic Deformation	p. 2
		Wooden Roof Structure	p. 1
		Structural Steel Design	p. 2
	Roof Drainage Design Calculations		p. 3
		Roof Drainage Designs	p. 3
	An Alternative School Of Thought		p. 2
	Parapet Wall Structural Design Using Portland Cement Plaster		p. 2
	Causes Of Roofing Failures		p. 1
		Communicating Roofing Design	p. 1
	Structural Considerations And Roof Decks		p. 1
	Insulation		p. 1
		Vapor Retarders	p. 1
	Fire And Wind Considerations		p. 1
	Earthquake-Resistant Roof Design		p. 1
	Pest Infestation And Roof Design		p. 1
	Residential Ceiling And Roof Framing		p. 1
		Flat Roofs	p. 1
		Pitched Roofs	p. 1
		Framing the Roof	p. 6
	Residential Flat Roof To Steep Roof Conversion		p. 3
	Roof Construction Details		p. 4
	Generic Details For Modified Bitumen		p. 1
		Basic Flashing History and Guidelines	p. 1
	Penetration Flashings		p. 1
		Little Holes	p. 2
		Collar Penetration Flashing	p. 3
		Smaller Holes, Tougher Holes	p. 3
		Where Penetration is Avoided	p. 1
		Overflow Scupper Penetrations	p. 1
		The Unflashable Penetration	p. 2
		Late Damage	p. 1
		Expansion Joint Guidelines	p. 1
	The Overriding Flashing Considerations		p. 4
	References And Further Reading		p. 15

5	Roof Decks		p. 30
	Introduction		p. 2
		Roof Slope	p. 2
		Deflection	p. 1
		Recommendations for avoidance of defects	p. 1
		Dimensional stability	p. 1
		Moisture Absorption	p. 1
		Moisture Proofing	p. 1
		Fireproofing	p. 1
		Anchorage and Attachment	p. 1
		Deck Surface	p. 1
		Adjoining Walls and Penetrations	p. 1
	Deck Types And Materials		p. 1
		Wood Decks	p. 2
		Wood Deck Cautions	p. 1
		Installing Plywood Sheathing	p. 1
		Installing Tongue-and-Groove Board Sheathing	p. 1
	Gypsum Board Decks		p. 1
	Poured Or Sprayed Gypsum Concrete		p. 1
	Concrete Decks		p. 1
		Lightweight Concrete	p. 3
		Structural Concrete	p. 3
	Metal Roof Decks		p. 4
	Roof Deck Use		p. 1
	References And Further Reading		p. 2

6	Barriers for Roofing Systems		p. 43
	Introduction		p. 2
	Vapor-Retarding Barriers		p. 1
		When to Use a Vapor Retarder	p. 2
		How to Use Vapor Retarders	p. 1
		High-Tech Vapor Barriers: Hygro Diode Membranes	p. 2
		Computer Analysis & Vapor Barrier Use Parameters	p. 2
	Understanding Air Barriers		p. 1
		Using Air Barriers to Resist Roof Blow-Offs & Ballooning	p. 1
		Ballooning and Delamination	p. 1
		Air/Vapor Barrier "Systems" -- Controlling Condensation	p. 2
	Technics Air And Vapor Barriers		p. 17
		Vapor Retarders and The Trouble with Vents	p. 1
		When Venting Works	p. 1
		Using Vapor Barriers in Cold Storage Structures	p. 1
	Ultraviolet Radiation Barriers		p. 1
		UV Radiation, Oxygen, and Temperature	p. 1
	Noise Barriers		p. 2
	Walkways And Decking As Wear Barriers And Protecting Layers		p. 2
	Barrier Manufacturers And Suppliers		p. 1
	References And Further Reading		p. 2

7	Thermal Insulation		p. 100
	Introduction		p. 1
		Roof-to-wall ratios	p. 1
	Potential Problems With Insulation?		p. 1
	Definitions And Theory Of Thermal Inertia		p. 4
	Physical And Chemical Properties Of Thermal Insulation		p. 1
	Thermal Insulation Materials		p. 1
	Physical Structure And Thermal Conductivity		p. 1
	Environment And Thermal Conductivity		p. 1
	Moisture And Thermal Conductivity		p. 1
	Chemistry Of Polyurethans And Isocyanates		p. 1
		History	p. 2
	Composition Of Polyurethane		p. 1
	Testing And Evaluation Studies Of Thermal Insulation		p. 9
	Recent Studies On Thermal Insulation - An Overview		p. 10
	Thermal Drift		p. 1
	Too Much Insulation?		p. 1
	Rigid Insulation Boards		p. 1
		Cellular Glass Insulation	p. 1
		Fiberglass Roof Insulation	p. 1
		Perlite/Vermiculite Board	p. 1
		Phenolic Foam - phenol-formaldehyde (pf) resin	p. 1
		Polystyrene Bead Board, Expanded Polystyrene (EPS)	p. 1
		Polystyrene Extruded Foam Board	p. 1
		Urethane/Isocyanurate Foams	p. 1
		Wood Fiberboard	p. 3
	Composite Thermal Insulation		p. 2
		Facings	p. 2
	Composite Roofing Systems		p. 1
	Thermal Insulation In Home Construction		p. 1
	Loose Insulation		p. 1
		Cellulosic Fiber	p. 1
		Glass Fiber	p. 2
		Mineral Fiber	p. 1
		Coverage	p. 1
		Thermal Characteristics	p. 1
		Moisture Absorption	p. 1
		Application	p. 2
		Unfloored attics	p. 1
		Floored attics	p. 1
		Attic walls and slopes	p. 1
	Spray-On Insulation		p. 1
		Cellulosic Spray	p. 1
		Mineral Wool Spray	p. 1
		Cementitious Spray	p. 1
		Application of Spray-On Insulation	p. 2
		Spray-On Insulation Adhesives	p. 1
	Batt And Blanket Insulation		p. 2
		Thermal Insulation by Design	p. 1
	Urea-Formaldehyde Insulation		p. 1
	Epoxy Foams		p. 1
	Tapered Insulations		p. 6
	Rooftop Pipes Require Insulation Too		p. 5
	References And Further Reading		p. 1
		Calculating Insulation Values	p. 6
		Polyurethane Publications	p. 1
		Insulation; Rigid; Uffi	p. 1
		Insulation; Rigid; Phenolic, Cellular	p. 1
		Insulation; Glass Fiber	p. 1
		Insulation; Rigid Board	p. 6
		Insulation; Rigid; Expanded Polystyrene	p. 1
		Insulation; Rigid; Extruded Polystyrene	p. 1
		Insulation; Loose Or Sprayed	p. 3
		Insulation Testing And Standards	p. 2
		Moisture & Insulation	p. 2
		Insulation; General Papers On	p. 3

8	Thatched Roofing		p. 28
	Introduction		p. 1
	Brief History Of Thatching		p. 1
	Materials		p. 1
	Characteristics Of Thatch		p. 2
	Application		p. 1
	Thatching Tools		p. 1
	Fixing Hardware		p. 1
	General Specifications		p. 2
	Design Considerations		p. 1
	Specifications		p. 1
		Details at Eaves	p. 1
		Gabled Ends	p. 1
		Ridges	p. 1
		Ridge Cap	p. 1
		Integral Roof Surface Decoration	p. 1
		Hips	p. 1
		Valleys	p. 1
		Flashing	p. 1
		Sedge Aprons	p. 1
		Vent Stacks	p. 1
		Attic Venting	p. 1
		Chimneys	p. 1
	Architectural Details		p. 1
	Deck Construction And Underlayment Details		p. 1
		Thatch Treated Class-C Roofing System	p. 1
		Sheathing	p. 1
		Underlayment	p. 1
		Sub-battens	p. 1
		Horizontal Battens	p. 1
		Arris Board	p. 1
		Thatch Treated Class-A Roofing System	p. 1
	Supply And Installation Responsibilities		p. 1
	Workmanship		p. 1
		Thatching	p. 1
		Chimney Stacks	p. 1
		Hips	p. 1
		Valleys	p. 1
		Verges	p. 1
		Ridges	p. 1
	Fire Hazard		p. 1
		Preventive Measures	p. 1
		Reduction of Combustibility	p. 1
		Fire Fighting Facilities	p. 1
		Generally	p. 1
		Rainwater Disposal	p. 1
		Durability	p. 1
	Maintenance		p. 1
	Compliance		p. 1
		Fire Test	p. 1
		Wind Test	p. 1
		Thermal Insulation Test	p. 1
	Pricing Guidelines		p. 6
	References And Further Reading		p. 1

9	Slate Roofing		p. 15
	Introduction		p. 1
		Slating is a Skillful Trade	p. 1
	Chemistry, Grades, Standards And Testing		p. 1
	Slate Grades		p. 1
	Standards		p. 1
	Testing		p. 2
	Slate Colors And Geographical Sources		p. 1
	Slate Sizes And Weights		p. 1
	Application		p. 1
		Fastening	p. 1
		Felts (Underlayments)	p. 1
	Tools		p. 1
		Slate Cutter	p. 1
		Slate Hammer	p. 1
		Slate Ripper	p. 5
	References And Further Reading		p. 1

10	Wood Shingles and Shake Roofing		p. 40
	Introduction		p. 1
		The Red Cedar Shingle & Handsplit Shake Bureau	p. 1
	Red Cedar		p. 1
		Certigrade® Red Cedar Shingles	p. 1
		Certi-Split® Red Cedar Shakes	p. 1
		Fire Rated Red Cedar Shingles and Shakes	p. 1
	If It Works, Don'T Fix It.		p. 1
	General Design Details		p. 1
		Sheathing	p. 1
		Shingles	p. 1
		Shakes	p. 1
	General Application Details		p. 1
		Shingle Application	p. 1
		Shake Application	p. 1
	Mansard Roof Details		p. 2
	Low Slope Roof Details		p. 1
	Hip And Ridge Details		p. 1
	Roof Juncture Details		p. 1
		Convex Juncture	p. 1
		Concave Juncture	p. 1
		Apex Juncture	p. 1
		Swept or Bell Eave	p. 1
	Roof Valley Flashing Details		p. 1
		Valleys-Shingles	p. 1
		Valleys-Shakes	p. 1
	Roof Projection Flashing Details		p. 1
	Roof Fastener Guidelines		p. 1
		Nails	p. 1
		Staples	p. 1
	Ventilation Details		p. 1
	Vapor Barrier Guidelines		p. 1
	Specialty Roof Deck Details		p. 1
		Wood Deck	p. 1
		Nails	p. 1
		Rigid Insulation	p. 1
		Metal Deck	p. 1
	Cold Weather Roof System Details		p. 2
	Specification Guidelines		p. 1
		General Specification Data	p. 1
		Roof Application-Sheathing Boards	p. 1
		Roofing Felt Interlay (for shakes only)	p. 1
		Roofing General Application Data	p. 1
		Roofing, Shingles/Shakes, Miscellaneous Flashings	p. 1
		Hips and Ridges	p. 1
		Nails and Nailing Shingles/Shakes	p. 1
	Wood Fiber Shingles		p. 1
	Steam Bent Wood Shingles - "Thatch"		p. 1
	Shingle And Shake Problems		p. 1
	Importing Increases Cost		p. 1
	FIRE RETARDANT TREATMENTS (FRTs)		p. 1
		Pre-Treatment	p. 1
		To Pre-Treat or Not to Pre-Treat?	p. 1
	Testing		p. 1
		Intermittent Flame Test	p. 1
		Spread Of Flame Test	p. 1
		Burning Brand Test	p. 1
		Flying Brand Test	p. 1
		Rain Test	p. 1
		Weathering Test	p. 1
	Fire Safety Brochures		p. 1
	Building Codes		p. 1
	Canadian Standards On Shakes And Shingles		p. 1
	Spray-On Preservatives		p. 1
		Water-borne Preservatives	p. 1
		Oil-Borne Preservatives	p. 1
		Cleaning Wood and Wood Roofs	p. 1
	General Application Recommendations		p. 1
		Surface Preparation	p. 1
		Application	p. 1
		Clean Up	p. 4
	References And Further Reading		p. 3

11	Ceramic and Concrete Tiles		p. 36
	Introduction		p. 1
	Life Expectancy		p. 1
		What makes one tile better than another?	p. 1
		Overweight?	p. 1
	Tile Profile		p. 1
	Standard Tile		p. 1
	Glazed Tile		p. 1
		Glazed Tile Offers Some Protection	p. 1
		Application of Glazed Tiles	p. 1
		Glazed Tile Costs and Quality	p. 1
		Glaze Formulation - Glazes are Really Glass	p. 1
		Glazed Tile Selection	p. 1
		Glazed Tiles are an Investment	p. 1
	Concrete Tiles		p. 1
		Interlocking Tiles	p. 1
	Mortar-Set Systems And Nail-On Systems		p. 1
	Material Considerations		p. 1
		Flashings	p. 1
		Fasteners	p. 1
		Felts (Underlayments)	p. 1
	Time For An Inspection?		p. 1
		Glaze failure	p. 1
		Manufacturer's Field Testing	p. 1
	Application		p. 1
		Direct Nailing	p. 1
		Supplementary Details and Accessory Tiles	p. 1
		Tile in Snow Areas	p. 1
		Tiles in High Wind and Hurricane Areas	p. 1
	Reroofing With Tiles		p. 1
		Specialty Products	p. 1
		New Technique Ventilates Tile Roofs at the Ridge	p. 1
		Clay Ridge Vents	p. 1
	Recent Studies On The Testing Of Tiles - An Overview		p. 1
	Codes And Standards		p. 10
	Ceramic, Clay and Concrete Tile Manufacturers and Suppliers		p. 2
	References And Further Reading		p. 3

12	Metal Tiles		p. 11
	Introduction		p. 1
		Granulated Metal Tiles	p. 2
		Aluminum Tiles	p. 1
		Copper Shingles	p. 2
		Metal Tile Finishes	p. 1
		Application of Metal Tiles and Panels	p. 5
	Metal Tile and Tile Panel Manufacturers and Suppliers		p. 1
	References And Further Reading		p. 1

13	Roofing Panels		p. 14
	Introduction		p. 1
		Polycarbonate Panels	p. 1
		Glass Fiber-Reinforced Panels	p. 1
		Asphalt Panels	p. 1
		Metal Panels	p. 4
	Roofing Panels For Residential Structures		p. 1
	Recent Studies On Roofing Panels - An Overview		p. 2
	NRCA Adds Roofing Panels To The Materials Guide		p. 4
	Roofing Panel Manufacturers and Suppliers		p. 1
	References And Further Reading		p. 1

14	Roofing Bitumen Asphalt and Coal Tar Pitch		p. 42
	Introduction		p. 2
	Petroleum Asphalts		p. 1
		Petroleum Asphalt Manufacture	p. 1
		Straight Run Asphalts	p. 1
		Thermal Asphalts	p. 1
		Propane De-Asphalting	p. 1
	Native Asphalts		p. 1
		Rock Asphalts	p. 1
		Lake Asphalts	p. 1
		The Alberta Oil Sand Deposits	p. 1
		Extraction of Bitumen from Tar Sand	p. 2
		Upgrading Tar Sand Bitumen	p. 1
	Tars And Derivatives		p. 1
		Incompatibility of Asphalt and Coal Tar Pitch (CTP)	p. 1
	The Composition Of Asphalt		p. 3
		Composition Depends Upon Crude Source	p. 1
		Method of Manufacture Also Must be Considered	p. 1
	Asphalt Manufacturing		p. 1
		Vacuum Reduction	p. 1
		Air Blown Asphalt	p. 1
		The Batch Process	p. 1
		The Continuous Process	p. 2
		Catalytic Asphalt	p. 1
	Modified Asphalts		p. 1
		Road Cutbacks and Oils	p. 1
	Emulsions		p. 1
		Composition of Asphalt Emulsions	p. 1
		Classification	p. 1
	Emulsion Ingredients		p. 1
		Asphalt	p. 1
		Water	p. 1
		Emulsifying Agents	p. 1
		Breaking	p. 1
		Curing	p. 1
		Factors Affecting Setting Rate	p. 1
		Mineral Fillers	p. 1
	Equiviscous Temperature (Evt)		p. 1
		Revisions Proposed	p. 2
	Testing Of Asphalts		p. 3
	Fingerprint Gas Chromatography		p. 1
	Weathering		p. 1
		Weathering Effects of Sunlight on Asphalt	p. 2
		Effects of Sulfur on Weathering	p. 1
		Antioxidants and Asphalt Durability	p. 3
	Fungus Attacks On Asphalt		p. 1
	Microbial Destruction Of Bitumen		p. 2
	References And Further Reading		p. 5

15	Felts, Fabrics and Reinforcements		p. 36
	Introduction		p. 1
	Standards For Roofing And Waterproofing Materials.		p. 1
	Fiber/Matrix Theory		p. 1
	Woven Fabrics		p. 1
	Non-Woven Felts		p. 1
	Organic Felts		p. 1
	Asbestos Felts		p. 1
	Glass Fiber Felts		p. 1
		Glass Composition	p. 1
		Glass Fiber Mat-Making Methods	p. 2
	Polyester And Other Synthetic Felts		p. 3
		Durability	p. 1
		Dimensional Stability	p. 1
	Single Ply Roofing Membrane Reinforcements		p. 3
		Polyester Fibers	p. 1
	The Effect Of Moisture On Roofing Felts		p. 1
	Geotextiles And Geosynthetics		p. 1
	Felt And Fabric Identification		p. 1
	Recent Studies On Felts And Fabrics - An Overview		p. 9
	Manufacturers/Suppliers Of Roofing Felts, Fabrics And Reinforcements		p. 2
	References And Further Reading		p. 5

16	Asphalt Shingles		p. 35
	Introduction		p. 1
	Why Asphalt Shingles?		p. 2
	Step-By-Step Installation		p. 1
	Deck Preparation		p. 1
	Proper Ventilation		p. 1
	Fasteners		p. 1
	Applying The Shingles		p. 1
		Starter Course	p. 1
		First Course	p. 1
		Second and Remaining Courses	p. 1
		Valleys	p. 1
		Detail	p. 1
		Fastener Guidelines	p. 1
		Finish Course	p. 1
		Inspection and Replacement of Damaged Shingles	p. 1
		More Information	p. 1
	Do-It-Yourself Roofing		p. 1
		Mis-Application of Asphalt Shingles Over Insulation	p. 1
	Fiberglass Reinforced Asphalt Shingle Manufacture		p. 1
	Organic Shingles Vs Fiberglass Shingles		p. 2
	The Designer Shingles - Architectural, Laminated		p. 1
	Weight Vs Strength		p. 1
		"Designer" Problems?	p. 1
	Modified Bitumen Fiberglass Mat Shingles		p. 1
	Metric Shingles		p. 1
		The Bridging Application Method	p. 1
		The Nesting Application Method	p. 1
	Other Shingle Features And Accessories		p. 3
	Annual Roof Cost		p. 1
	Asphalt Shingle Repair And Maintenance		p. 1
	Asphalt Shingle Recycling		p. 1
	Pneumatic Tools		p. 2
	The Right Tools		p. 4
	Audio/Visual Training		p. 1
	Standards For Asphalt Shingles		p. 1
	Asphalt Shingle Suppliers		p. 1
	Asphalt Shingle Manufacturers and Suppliers		p. 1
	References And Further Reading		p. 5

17	Roll Roofing		p. 33
	Introduction		p. 1
	Roll Roofing Manufacturing And Specifications		p. 1
		Saturants and Coating	p. 1
		Organic Felt: Asphalt	p. 1
		Organic Felt: Tar Saturated	p. 1
		Asbestos Roofing Felts: Asphalt and Coal-Tar Saturated	p. 1
		Glass-Fiber Felt	p. 1
		Polyester Felts	p. 1
		Mineral Stabilizers	p. 1
		Fine Minerals	p. 1
		Smooth-Surface Roll Roofing: Organic and Inorganic	p. 1
		Mineral-Surfaced Roll Roofing	p. 1

The Science and Technology of Traditional and Modern Roofing Systems

by: Dr. H. Laaly

The Science and Technology
of Traditional and Modern
Roofing Systems